Scale Formation in Boilers Notes | Engineering Chemistry | RGPV BTech First Year
Scale Formation in Boilers (बॉयलर में स्केल निर्माण)
Engineering Chemistry में Boiler Problems का अध्ययन अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण है। Boiler में जल की अशुद्धियों के कारण विभिन्न प्रकार की समस्याएँ उत्पन्न होती हैं, जिनमें Scale Formation सबसे गंभीर समस्या मानी जाती है। Scale Boiler की कार्यक्षमता को कम करता है, ईंधन की खपत बढ़ाता है तथा Boiler Failure का कारण बन सकता है।
🔹 Scale क्या है?
Boiler की आंतरिक सतह पर बनने वाली कठोर (Hard), चिपकी हुई (Adherent) तथा अविलेय (Insoluble) परत को Scale कहते हैं।
यह परत मुख्यतः Calcium तथा Magnesium के लवणों के अवक्षेपण (Precipitation) से बनती है।
🔹 Definition of Scale
"Hard and adherent deposits formed on the inner surfaces of a boiler due to precipitation of dissolved salts are known as scales."
🔹 Causes of Scale Formation
1. Decomposition of Calcium Bicarbonate
Ca(HCO₃)₂ → CaCO₃ ↓ + CO₂ + H₂O
Calcium Carbonate अवक्षेपित होकर Boiler Surface पर जमा हो जाता है।
2. Decomposition of Magnesium Bicarbonate
Mg(HCO₃)₂ → Mg(OH)₂ ↓ + 2CO₂
Magnesium Hydroxide Boiler में Scale बनाता है।
3. Presence of Calcium Sulphate
CaSO₄ की Solubility तापमान बढ़ने पर कम हो जाती है, जिससे यह Boiler Surface पर जमा होने लगता है।
CaSO₄ → CaSO₄ ↓
4. Silica Deposition
Silica तथा Silicates भी कठोर Scale बनाते हैं जो हटाना अत्यंत कठिन होता है।
🔹 Characteristics of Scale
- Hard Nature
- Strongly Adherent
- Poor Heat Conductor
- Difficult to Remove
- Highly Insulating Layer
🔹 Types of Scale
1. Calcium Carbonate Scale
Temporary Hardness के कारण बनता है।
2. Calcium Sulphate Scale
Permanent Hardness के कारण बनता है।
3. Magnesium Hydroxide Scale
Magnesium Salts के विघटन से बनता है।
4. Silica Scale
सबसे कठोर एवं हटाने में कठिन Scale होता है।
🔹 Effects of Scale Formation
1. Heat Transfer Reduction
Scale Heat का खराब चालक होता है, जिससे Heat Transfer कम हो जाता है।
2. Increased Fuel Consumption
अधिक ताप प्राप्त करने के लिए अधिक ईंधन की आवश्यकता होती है।
3. Overheating of Boiler Plates
Boiler की धातु अधिक गर्म हो जाती है।
4. Reduced Boiler Efficiency
Boiler की Overall Efficiency कम हो जाती है।
5. Boiler Explosion
अत्यधिक Scale Boiler Explosion का कारण बन सकता है।
🔹 Effect of Scale Thickness
| Scale Thickness | Fuel Wastage |
|---|---|
| 1 mm | लगभग 10% |
| 2 mm | लगभग 15% |
| 5 mm | 25% से अधिक |
🔹 Scale Removal Methods
1. Mechanical Removal
- Scraping
- Wire Brushing
- Mechanical Cleaning
2. Thermal Shock Method
Boiler को गर्म एवं ठंडा करके Scale को Crack किया जाता है।
3. Chemical Treatment
- Dilute HCl Treatment
- EDTA Treatment
- Chelating Agents
🔹 Prevention of Scale Formation
External Treatment Methods
- Lime-Soda Process
- Zeolite Process
- Ion Exchange Process
Internal Treatment Methods
- Phosphate Conditioning
- Calgon Conditioning
- Carbonate Conditioning
🔹 Difference Between Scale and Sludge
| Basis | Scale | Sludge |
|---|---|---|
| Nature | Hard | Soft |
| Adhesion | Strong | Weak |
| Removal | Difficult | Easy |
| Location | Heated Surface | Cooler Region |
| Severity | High | Moderate |
🔹 Industrial Importance
- Thermal Power Plants
- Chemical Industries
- Sugar Industries
- Paper Industries
- Textile Industries
- Steam Generation Plants
🔹 Viva Questions
- Scale क्या है?
- Scale किन लवणों के कारण बनता है?
- Silica Scale क्यों खतरनाक होता है?
- Scale और Sludge में अंतर बताइए।
- Scale Formation को कैसे रोका जाता है?
🔹 Exam Oriented Important Questions
- Scale Formation को विस्तार से समझाइए।
- Scale बनने के कारण लिखिए।
- Scale Formation के दुष्प्रभाव लिखिए।
- Scale Removal Methods समझाइए।
- Scale एवं Sludge में अंतर लिखिए।
🔹 Conclusion
Scale Formation Boiler की सबसे गंभीर समस्याओं में से एक है। यह Heat Transfer कम करता है, Fuel Consumption बढ़ाता है तथा Boiler Efficiency को घटाता है। उचित Water Softening एवं Chemical Treatment द्वारा Scale Formation को रोका जा सकता है।
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