Calorific Value of Fuel Notes | Engineering Chemistry | RGPV BTech First Year
Calorific Value of Fuel (ऊष्मीय मान)
Engineering Chemistry में Calorific Value एक अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण विषय है। किसी Fuel की Quality तथा Energy Producing Capacity का मूल्यांकन करने के लिए Calorific Value का उपयोग किया जाता है। जितनी अधिक Calorific Value होगी, Fuel उतनी ही अधिक Heat Energy उत्पन्न करेगा।
🔹 Calorific Value क्या है?
किसी Fuel के पूर्ण दहन (Complete Combustion) से प्राप्त होने वाली कुल Heat Energy को उसकी Calorific Value कहते हैं।
यह Fuel की ऊर्जा प्रदान करने की क्षमता को दर्शाती है।
🔹 Definition of Calorific Value
"The amount of heat liberated by the complete combustion of unit quantity of a fuel is called its calorific value."
🔹 Units of Calorific Value
| Fuel Type | Unit |
|---|---|
| Solid Fuel | kJ/kg |
| Liquid Fuel | kJ/kg |
| Gaseous Fuel | kJ/m³ |
🔹 Importance of Calorific Value
- Fuel Quality Assessment
- Fuel Selection
- Boiler Design
- Power Plant Efficiency
- Combustion Analysis
- Industrial Energy Management
🔹 Types of Calorific Value
1. Higher Calorific Value (HCV)
जब Fuel के दहन से उत्पन्न Water Vapour को Condense करके उसकी Latent Heat भी प्राप्त कर ली जाती है, तब प्राप्त कुल Heat को Higher Calorific Value कहते हैं।
Definition
"The total heat produced by complete combustion of a fuel when water vapours formed are condensed is called Higher Calorific Value."
Characteristics
- Includes Latent Heat of Steam
- Higher Numerical Value
- Theoretical Heat Value
2. Lower Calorific Value (LCV)
जब Water Vapour Condense नहीं किया जाता तथा उसकी Latent Heat Consider नहीं की जाती, तब प्राप्त Heat को Lower Calorific Value कहते हैं।
Definition
"The heat produced by complete combustion of a fuel excluding the latent heat of steam is called Lower Calorific Value."
Characteristics
- Excludes Latent Heat
- Practical Heat Value
- Lower than HCV
🔹 Relationship Between HCV and LCV
Higher Calorific Value हमेशा Lower Calorific Value से अधिक होती है।
Formula:
LCV = HCV - (0.09 × H × Latent Heat of Steam)
जहाँ:
- H = Percentage of Hydrogen in Fuel
🔹 Difference Between HCV and LCV
| Basis | HCV | LCV |
|---|---|---|
| Latent Heat | Included | Not Included |
| Value | Higher | Lower |
| Steam Condensation | Considered | Not Considered |
| Use | Theoretical Calculations | Practical Applications |
🔹 Factors Affecting Calorific Value
- Carbon Content
- Hydrogen Content
- Moisture Content
- Ash Content
- Sulphur Content
- Fuel Composition
🔹 Dulong Formula
Dulong Formula का उपयोग Fuel की Higher Calorific Value ज्ञात करने के लिए किया जाता है।
Formula:
HCV = 338C + 1442(H - O/8) + 94S kJ/kg
जहाँ:
- C = Percentage of Carbon
- H = Percentage of Hydrogen
- O = Percentage of Oxygen
- S = Percentage of Sulphur
🔹 Bomb Calorimeter
Solid तथा Liquid Fuels की Calorific Value निर्धारित करने के लिए Bomb Calorimeter का उपयोग किया जाता है।
Main Parts
- Steel Bomb
- Oxygen Supply
- Water Jacket
- Thermometer
- Ignition System
🔹 Working of Bomb Calorimeter
- Fuel Sample को Bomb में रखा जाता है।
- Bomb में Pure Oxygen भरी जाती है।
- Sample को Electrically Ignite किया जाता है।
- Combustion से उत्पन्न Heat Water को Transfer होती है।
- Temperature Rise मापा जाता है।
- Calorific Value Calculate की जाती है।
🔹 Advantages of Bomb Calorimeter
- Accurate Results
- Easy Operation
- Suitable for Various Fuels
- High Precision
🔹 Typical Calorific Values
| Fuel | Calorific Value (Approx.) |
|---|---|
| Wood | 17000 kJ/kg |
| Coal | 30000 kJ/kg |
| Petrol | 45000 kJ/kg |
| Diesel | 45000 kJ/kg |
| LPG | 50000 kJ/kg |
| Hydrogen | 120000 kJ/kg |
🔹 Applications
- Thermal Power Plants
- Boiler Design
- Fuel Testing Laboratories
- Petroleum Industries
- Automobile Engineering
- Energy Management Systems
🔹 Viva Questions
- Calorific Value क्या है?
- HCV और LCV में क्या अंतर है?
- Dulong Formula क्या है?
- Bomb Calorimeter का उपयोग क्या है?
- HCV हमेशा LCV से अधिक क्यों होती है?
🔹 Exam Oriented Important Questions
- Calorific Value को परिभाषित कीजिए।
- Higher Calorific Value तथा Lower Calorific Value में अंतर लिखिए।
- Dulong Formula समझाइए।
- Bomb Calorimeter का सिद्धांत एवं कार्यविधि लिखिए।
- Calorific Value को प्रभावित करने वाले कारकों का वर्णन कीजिए।
🔹 Conclusion
Calorific Value Fuel की Energy Producing Capacity का महत्वपूर्ण मापदंड है। Higher Calorific Value तथा Lower Calorific Value Fuel के ऊर्जा विश्लेषण में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती हैं। Industrial Fuel Selection, Boiler Design तथा Power Generation Systems में Calorific Value का अत्यधिक महत्व है।
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